Based on daily precipitation observation data at 120 national meteorological stations in Shandong Province, monthly reanalysis data of ERA-Interim from ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) and 6-hour reanalysis data from NCEP/NCAR (National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research) from 1979 to 2018, the influence of spring atmospheric heat source intensity over the Tibetan Plateau on summer rainstorm in Shandong Province was analyzed. The results show that rainstorm days presented an increasing trend in most areas of Shandong Province from 1979 to 2018, and the increasing trend of rainstorm days was significant in southwestern Shandong and the mid-east part of northwestern Shandong. The atmospheric heat source over the Tibetan Plateau was stronger than that in other areas of East Asia in spring and summer. The intensity of spring atmospheric heat source in strong central region over the Tibetan Plateau was significantly and positively correlated with summer rainstorm index in Shandong. When the atmospheric heat source over the Tibetan Plateau strengthened in spring, the South Asia high enhanced and extended to eastward in summer, and it was easily to appear “the central pattern” at 200 hPa. At the same time, the cold vortex at 500 hPa over northeastern China was easily to generate and moved southward, and the west Pacific subtropical high over eastern Japan strengthened and moved northward, the cold and warm airflow intersected over Shandong. In additional, there was significant water vapor transporting to Shandong from south to north. The circulation configuration with low-level convergence and upper-level divergence prompted updraft enhancement over Shandong, which was beneficial to rainfall. The intensity of atmospheric heat source over the Tibetan Plateau in spring had significantly positive and negative correlation with the South Asia high intensity and the Silk Road teleconnection correlation in summer, respectively, and the circulation situation under atmospheric heat source enhancement was conducive to occurrence of heavy rainfall in Shandong.

Based on the monthly soil moisture of GLDAS Noah 2.0 from 1950 to 2009, the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of soil moisture at each layer of the Tibetan Plateau in summer were analyzed. The results are as follows: (1) In summer, the soil moisture at each layer of the Tibetan Plateau decreased gradually from south to north, and there was an extreme value center at the middle and deep layers in the central of the Tibetan Plateau, respectively. (2) The difference of soil moistures between the surface, shallow, middle and deep layers (except for the deep and middle layers) in summer appeared a vertical distribution of ‘wet upper and dry lower’ in the mid-eastern part of the Plateau, while that showed a vertical distribution of ‘wet lower and dry upper’ in the mid-western part. (3) The first mode of soil moisture at different layers of the Plateau in summer appeared a reverse distribution from southwest to northeast, and the zero line moved to northeast with the increase of soil depth. (4) The annual variation characteristics of soil moisture at different layers of the main part of the Plateau were obvious in summer during 1950-2009. The soil moisture except for the deep layer had significant downward trend as a whole, and it was higher in the early stage and lower in the later stage from 1950 to 2009, while for the deep layer it appeared non-significant increasing trend. Spatially, the decreasing trend of soil moisture at different layers except for deep layer of the Plateau dominated during 1950-2009, while the soil moisture at deep layer of the central part of the Plateau tended to increase. (5) After removing trend, the maximum variation range of annual average soil moisture at each layer except for the deep layer decreased with the increase of soil depth in the central part of the Plateau, while it increased with the increase of soil depth in the central and eastern part of the Plateau.

Temporality is an inherent aspect of geo-information, but until recently it has been relatively neglected by GIS research,
and the emphasis being on the spatial dimensions.In this paper we reviewed the research on Temporal GIS through Geographic spatial
-temporal cognition, spatial-temporal topological relationship, theory on spatial-temporal GIS, spatial-temporal data model,
and dynamic processes modeling, etc.Finally, we prospected the issues in advanced research about Temporal GIS.